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The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative )〕 The Internet of Things allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure,〔https://hbr.org/resources/pdfs/comm/verizon/18980_HBR_Verizon_IoT_Nov_14.pdf〕 creating opportunities for more direct integration between the physical world and computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit.〔http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/Converging_Technologies_for_Smart_Environments_and_Integrated_Ecosystems_IERC_Book_Open_Access_2013.pdf〕〔http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/trends/iot/introduction_to_IoT_november.pdf〕〔http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/enet/documents/publications/iot-between-the-internet-revolution.pdf〕〔http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/Internet-of-things.pdf〕〔http://www.cognizant.com/InsightsWhitepapers/Reaping-the-Benefits-of-the-Internet-of-Things.pdf〕 Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020. British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton first coined the term in 1999 while working at the Auto-ID Labs (originally called Auto-ID centers - referring to a global network of Radio-frequency identification (RFID) connected objects). Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and applications.〔J. Höller, V. Tsiatsis, C. Mulligan, S. Karnouskos, S. Avesand, D. Boyle: ''(From Machine-to-Machine to the Internet of Things: Introduction to a New Age of Intelligence ).'' Elsevier, 2014, ISBN 978-0-12-407684-6.〕 The interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced applications like a Smart Grid,〔O. Monnier: ''(A smarter grid with the Internet of Things ).'' Texas Instruments, 2013.〕 and expanding to the areas such as smart cities.〔https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/0b/15/T0B150000153301PDFE.pdf〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=IEEE Xplore Full-Text PDF: )〕 "Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Molluscan eye )〕 automobiles with built-in sensors, or field operation devices that assist firefighters in search and rescue operations.〔I. Wigmore: ("Internet of Things (IoT)" ). TechTarget, June 2014.〕 These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow the data between other devices. Current market examples include smart thermostat systems and washer/dryers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring. Besides the plethora of new application areas for Internet connected automation to expand into, IoT is also expected to generate large amounts of data from diverse locations that is aggregated very quickly, thereby increasing the need to better index, store and process such data. ==Early history== , the vision of the Internet of Things has evolved due to a convergence of multiple technologies, ranging from wireless communication to the Internet and from embedded systems to micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS).〔 This means that the traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), and others all contribute to enabling the Internet of Things (IoT). The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a modified Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first internet-connected appliance,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=The "Only" Coke Machine on the Internet )〕 able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold. Mark Weiser's seminal 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing, "The Computer of the 21st Century", as well as academic venues such as UbiComp and PerCom produced the contemporary vision of IoT. In 1994 Reza Raji described the concept in ''IEEE Spectrum'' as "() small packets of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate and automate everything from home appliances to entire factories". Between 1993 and 1996 several companies proposed solutions like Microsoft's at Work or Novell's NEST. However, only in 1999 did the field start gathering momentum. Bill Joy envisioned Device to Device (D2D) communication as part of his "Six Webs" framework, presented at the World Economic Forum at Davos in 1999.〔Jason Pontin: (ETC: Bill Joy's Six Webs ). In: ''MIT Technology Review'', 29 September 2005. Retrieved 17 November 2013.〕 The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in 1999, through the Auto-ID Center at MIT and related market-analysis publications.〔Analyst Anish Gaddam interviewed by Sue Bushell in ''Computerworld'', on 24 July 2000 ("M-commerce key to ubiquitous internet")〕 Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was seen by Kevin Ashton (one of the founders of the original Auto-ID Center) as a prerequisite for the Internet of Things at that point. If all objects and people in daily life were equipped with identifiers, computers could manage and inventory them.〔P. Magrassi, T. Berg, ''A World of Smart Objects'', Gartner research report R-17-2243, 12 August 2002 ()〕 Besides using RFID, the ''tagging'' of things may be achieved through such technologies as near field communication, barcodes, QR codes and digital watermarking.〔Techvibes (''From M2M to The Internet of Things: Viewpoints From Europe'' ) 7 July 2011〕〔Dr. Lara Sristava, European Commission Internet of Things Conference in Budapest, 16 May 2011 (''The Internet of Things - Back to the Future (Presentation)'' )〕 In its original interpretation, one of the first consequences of implementing the Internet of Things by equipping all objects in the world with minuscule identifying devices or machine-readable identifiers would be to transform daily life.〔P. Magrassi, A. Panarella, N. Deighton, G. Johnson, ''Computers to Acquire Control of the Physical World'', Gartner research report T-14-0301, 28 September 2001 〕〔 Casaleggio Associati (''The Evolution of Internet of Things'' ) February 2011 〕 For instance, instant and ceaseless inventory control would become ubiquitous.〔 A person's ability to interact with objects could be altered remotely based on immediate or present needs, in accordance with existing end-user agreements.〔 For example, such technology could grant motion-picture publishers much more control over end-user private devices by remotely enforcing copyright restrictions and digital restrictions management, so the ability of a customer who bought a Blu-ray disc to watch the movie becomes dependent on so-called "copyright holder's" decision, similar to Circuit City's failed DIVX. The following is a list of countries by IoT devices online per 100 inhabitants as published by the OECD in 2015.〔http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933225312〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Internet of Things」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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